November 9-10, 2011

Krystallnacht, anniversary of the beginning of the Holocaust …. in special memory of the 75,000 innocent Slovakian Jewish men, women and children sent to their deaths by the concerted efforts of the Third Reich and its puppet Tiso regime of Slovakia, including the machinations of Slovak fascist leader and Nazi collaborator Jozef M. Kirschbaum.

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(Note: This article was last edited on January 10, 2012)

For those seeking a general history of the Slovak nation, there currently exist only four books in the English language which provide an overview of the modern history of Slovakia per se, as opposed to a focus on the country as a sub-unit of Czechoslovakia or other past Central European entities. These are History of Modern Slovakia (New York:  Praegar. 1955) by Joseph Lettrich,  Slovakia and its People  by  Gilbert L. Oddo  (New York:  Robert Speller & Sons. 1960), Slovakia: from Samo to Dzurina (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. 2001) by Peter A. Toma and Dusan Kovac, and York University professor Stanislav J. Kirschbaum’s A History of Slovakia: the Struggle for Survival (1st Ed. New York: St. Martin’s Press. 1995; 2nd Ed. New York: PalgraveMacMillan 2005).

Front cover of A History of Slovakia: the Struggle for Survival (1995, 1st Edition) by Stanislav J. Kirschbaum

A certain figure who had created an international scandal for Canada pertaining to the Nazi Holocaust just six years prior to the publication of A History of Slovakia, Jozef M. Kirschbaum, is frequently cited in the book as an authoritative, guiding source  for its text; multiple quotations and footnoted references are taken from Jozef Kirschbaum’s written works on Slovakia.  Yet nowhere is it mentioned  that this personage is also the author Stanislvav J.(ozef) Kirschbaum’s father and mentor. Furthering this contradiction and breach of academic honesty is the book’s positive presentation of Jozef Kirschbaum and total omission of  Kirschbaum’s landmark historical roles and actions in perpetrating the Nazi Holocaust of Slovak Jews.

Neither can any description be found in the book of Kirschbaum’s position in leading the 1930s/40s Slovak “HSLS” (Hlinka People’s Party) political orgaization as a violent, fascist organization, and work with Gestapo chief Hermann Goering to create the “Slovak Republic” puppet state, and complete the breakup and German annexation of Czechoslovakia in 1938-39; nor can mention be found of Kirschbaum’s blocking the efforts of Swiss Red Cross investigator Georges Dunand to save millions of the remaining Jews of Europe in 1944 in Bern, Switzerland when Kirschbaum was serving as Axis Slovakia’s Ambassador to neutral Switzerland.

Also omitted is any mention of Kirschbaum’s post-war work with British intelligence (despite his official status as a fugitive Nazi war criminal) and other Slavic, former Nazi collaborators to instigate a fascist putsch in democratic Czechoslovakia in 1947. Moreover, the particular matter of Jozef Kirschbaum aside, A History of Slovakia twists, inverts, whitewashes the facts every which way as it depicts the “Slovak Republic” (1939-45) as a valid, beneficent and laudable state, rather than the Hitler-created Nazi satellite, Nazi-mimicking dictatorship it actually was; a place aptly summarized in 1949 by acclaimed American journalist John Gunther as a “wretched, ‘autonomous’ puppet state” of the Third Reich.

By author Stanislav Kirschbaum’s own half-admission (page one, in the “Introduction” chapter, 2nd Edition)  A History of Slovakia:  the Struggle for Survival is a revisionist work:

“the collapse of the Communist regimes meant the end of the exclusive hold of Marxism in the social sciences there….In many instances this means a serious revision of what has been for the last four decades the official history of those nations. And for no nation can such a perspective be more welcome than for the Slovaks….in Slovakia, history was written under serious constraints and limitations. A similar situation has existed in the West; there were and, now to a lesser degree, still are particular conditions that affect the writing of Slovak history. However, just as in Slovakia, scholarship in the West on the Slovaks is undergoing change, not only because of the new situation, but above all because of the status it had in the past.”

The above-mentioned “change” that is supposedly occurring, and which Kirschbaum hopes to further conjure into being, is a veiled reference to the expanded dissemination of fascism-endorsing, historical revisionist literature written by Slovak Nazi collaborators in exile, and their supporters. Kirschbaum states this more explicitly on page four:

“Fortunately Slovaks abroad were partially able to fill the void….this postwar generation of postwar emigres managed to do remarkable work ….they launched three scientific journals, Slowakei for articles in German, Slovakia for the English-speaking public and Slovak Studies with articles in Slovak as well as in Western European languages. Last but not least, thanks to the support of the Slovak World Congress, which many of them helped found in 1970, they organized conferences and published the proceedings. Among the publications worthy of note are the surveys of modern Slovak history published by Joseph M. Kirschbaum and [Jozef A.] Mikus [a far-right Slovak and friend of Jozef Kirschbaum who stated that a German victory in World War II would have been preferable to the Allied victory.]“

Thoroughly in line with the periodicals and tracts cited above, Stanislav Kirschbaum’s A History of Slovakia: the Struggle for Survival is replete with distortions, omissions and falsifications that serve to mask the crimes against humanity of the autocratic (sometimes described as “clerical fascist,” emphasizing Catholic religious law in its militarist-statism) and anti-Semitic Slovak state created by Hitler in 1939, with the top-level help of Stanislav Kirschbaum’s father, Jozef Kirschbaum, and maternal grandfather Stefan Danihel. At the time, both men were working under the auspices of Gestapo chief Hermann Goering and German Foreign Minister Joachim Von Ribbentrop.

The book portrays Slovakia’s Nazi-installed dictator, a Roman Catholic priest named Father Jozef Tiso (fervently loyal to Hitler to the end, and executed as a Nazi collaborator in Czechoslovakia on April 18, 1947), as a sympathetic  figure. And it presents Axis Slovakia as a morally legitimate, truly independent country, that deported half of its Jewish population to Auschwitz in 1942 only because the regime, naively and innocently, did not know what would happen to them there, and stopped its cattle car trains to the death camp when Tiso discovered their true fates. This is a widely discredited supposition that has been roundly disproved many times over, in contrast to the post-war assertions of exiled, former Slovak Nazi collaborators.

Like his  Historical Dictionary of Slovakia (Scarecrow Press, 1997 1st Ed. and 2007 2nd Ed.)  Stanislav Kirschbaum’s  A History of Slovakia: the Struggle for Survival  has received distribution and promotion as a source-book for higher education worldwide. As such, this book has extended the reach of the self-serving, Nazi collaborator Slovaks’ false retelling of events and atrocities into the mainstream world of respectable scholarship.

And this is simply unacceptable: not to any one who cares about historical accuracy in the schools and libraries, or who is attuned to the persistent dangers of renascent Slavic fascism and neo-Nazism (of particular import to Jews and non-white minority groups).

For these latter phenomena, Stanislav Kirschbaum’s book provides a pseudo-historical academic foundation with the full imprimatur of a prominent publishing house, and his own silver-plated establishment position as a Canadian media current events “expert,” with many TV and radio appearances. Kirschbaum is also listed in Who’s Who in Canada, is a fellow in the Canadian “Royal Society of  Canada” (considered one of Canada’s highest honors), and has an advisory and editorial role for the NATO military alliance and a full professorship at York University in Toronto. (Kirschbaum’s faculty position is in “International Relations,” by the way, not in history nor any department of historical studies, his degree is also in diplomacy and international relations, and he does not have a formal, professional background in history).

Some examples of the appalling errors, bias and distortion in
A History of Slovakia: the Struggle for Survival:

Summing up the Nazi puppet state of dictator Jozef Tiso’s “Slovak Republic” (1939-45), which sent two divisions worth of young Slovak men to fight for Hitler as Axis draftee soldiers (starting with the Third Reich’s invasion of Poland in August 1939), terrorized the population with its SS-imitating, paramilitary Hlinka Guard, and threw the land into periods of severe economic decline, Kirschbaum states:

“Slovak historians [the book's misleading and oft-repeated, anonymous code-term for the propagandists of the Slovak World Congress] write that ‘the political ideal of Dr. Jozef Tiso and the majority of Populist politicians was a conservative, paternalistic and authoritarian system with a special emphasis on the ‘protection of the poor’ ‘  The regime was, in fact, successful in taking the Slovak people far down the road of modernization, and, until the uprising of 1944, it looked after its non-Jewish citizens through planned economic and social development.”

(page 200, A History of Slovakia: the Struggle for Survival)

One might also wonder, from the above text, how well “looked after” did Slovakia’s “non_Jewish citizens” (!) feel upon seeing their Jewish non-citizen friends, neighbors and familial relations and their children being harassed, beaten, robbed of all assets and possessions and carried away screaming in the night to Auschwitz-bound cattle cars courtesy of Jozef Kirschbaum and Stefan Danihel’s Slovakian Axis regime. And why those same “non-Jewish citizens” participated in the  1944 anti-Nazi, anti-Tiso, anti-Kirschbaum, pro-Allies Slovak National Uprising in the first place.

Also according to the book, Axis Slovakia had not been at war with Britain and the United States during World War II. This would be some startling news to those British and American World War II veterans, and their friends and families, who bravely battled dictator Tiso’s Slovak troops and German/Slovak air defenses as the Allies provided men, arms and supplies to the anti-Nazi, anti-Tiso/Kirschbaum insurgency inside Slovakia (led in part by the Czechoslovakia exile-government harbored in London). But as we find on page 204:

“Some also assert that Slovakia was at war with Britain and the United States; this assertion is based on a press report from Germany alleging such a declaration by Tuka in December 1941. No text of this declaration was quoted and none was ever found in State Department archives.”

(Page 204, A History of Slovakia: the Struggle for Survival)

The potential influence and effects of Kirschbaum’s book are made worse by the aforementioned scarcity of books on the history of Slovakia, which has been an independent nation since peacefully splitting from Czechoslovakia in 1993, and is a member state of both the European Union and NATO.

Charging in to fill a post-Cold War informational vacuum, Jozef Kirschbaum and son Stanislav exploited this academic gap to the fullest in the 1990s and 2000s, managing to successfully place their revisionist doctrines on university shelves under mainstream, respectable publishing imprints.  With few alternative texts available, the opportunity was afforded them to mold the opinions of students, educators and the general public on a higher level of mainstream prominence that had heretofore proved elusive.

By the time of the book’s release date in 1995, one big obstacle to this goal was well behind them, and the public awareness of it firmly pressed down into dormancy: the public scandal of 1988-89 sparked by an expose in an Ontario newspaper, the Kingston Whig-Standard, that publicly revealed, in an in-depth and irrefutable fashion, Jozef Kirschbaum’s past as a Nazi war criminal and Holocaust perpetrator.

At this time there had been renewed calls from Jewish organizations, Holocaust survivors and Nazi hunters, including Rudolf Vrba and Sol Littman, for Jozef  Kirschbaum’s extradition from Canada to Czechoslovakia, to serve the 20-year prison sentence that the fugitive Kirschbaum had been handed in abstentia by a Czechoslovakian court in 1947. The RCMP conducted a criminal investigation of Kirschbaum, but declined to prosecute the case further, and the  records of this investigation into Jozef Kirschbaum were then sealed for decades from public view by the Canadian government.

The RCMP findings are still slated to remain officially hidden away for another 20 years from the time of this writing.

A 1989 declaration by the US Justice Department that banned Jozef Kirschbaum from crossing the border into the United States still held, however, and remained in place until Kirschbaum’s death in August of 2001.

Deploying carefully worded language, A History of Slovakia: the Struggle for Survival misleads the reader by cloaking the identities and backgrounds of its highly biased and unreliable sources, and omitting key people and events while inflating the insignificant.  In doing so, author Stanislav Kirschbaum preserves the untenable, pro-fascist narrative and odd phraseology of the propaganda books and journals that were churned out in the post-war era (from the 1950s into the 2000s) by the Toronto-based, far-right “Slovak World Congress,and its predecessor and offshoot political organizations. ( See previous entries in this blog for more information on the Slovak World Congress and its affiliated groups, and the Nazi era and post-war activities of Jozef M. Kirschbaum).

Yom HaShoa

Posted on Yom HaShoa nyc 2011

As I have stated in previous blog entries, two mainstream-published works of York University professor of international relations, Stanislav Kirschbaum (the son of Jozef Marian Kirschbaum, an indicted, sentenced (in abstentia), and fugitive Slovak Nazi war criminal who was still alive at the times of the books’ writing) serve to whitewash the Nazi puppet regime of Jozef Tiso, and in so doing encourage the growth of violent and dangerous far-right and neo-Nazi movements in current-day Slovakia.

This situation is made all the more outrageous by the fact that Jozef Kirschbaum, then a Toronto resident in his 80s, actually helped write these books, as we can see by his son’s own printed acknowledgements. In effect, Jozef Kirschbaum had simply extended his pro-fascist, pro-Axis propaganda from the 1930s into the 1990s, through the medium of his son and their publishing houses,  Scarecrow Press and St. Martin’s Press, and in 2005, PalgraveMacMillan.

In A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival (1st Edition St. Martin’s Press: 1995; 2nd Edition PalgraveMacMillan 2005) and Historical Dictionary of Slovakia (1st Edition Scarecrow Press: 1999; 2nd Edition Scarecrow Press 2007) the 1939-45 “Slovak Republic” as a legitimate, even laudable state. An array of Slovak Holocaust perpetrators —Nazi collaborators and co-conspirators—friends of the author Stanislav Kirschbaum and the author’s father, are portrayed by the author as decent men and beneficent Slovak patriots.

The author admits in the pages of both books that the author’s father (Jozef Marian Kirschbaum) contributed to the texts, and tellingly does not state his father’s name in these acknowledgements (see below for an excerpt from this text).

Dedication Page (2007 edition, Historical Dictionary of Slovakia):

“To my mother,
to my daughters Olga, Sophia, and Alexandra
and to the memory of my father”

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And in the Acknowledgements of the 1999 edition of the book (barely different from the 2007 edition) we find the eightysomething Holocaust fugitive and Toronto resident Jozef Marian Kirschbaum himself had a hand in writing this volume:

“To Walter Beringer of Nelson, British Columbia…. and my father I owe a debt of gratitude for their thoughtful comments on various aspects of the manuscript. They are absolved of all errors and omissions; the responsibility is entirely mine.”

Toronto, Ontario
January 1998

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Some further, specific comparisons are in order. First, the revisionist text presented in Stanislav Kirschbaum’s Historical Dictionary of Slovakia, the title for Slovakia in Scarecrow Press’ authoritative Historical Dictionary of…. series that are standard reference works in university libraries—

“1942 On 25 March the first deportation of Slovak Jews to Germany and Poland begins; the deportations end in October when the Slovak government learns of the fate that awaits them. President Jozef Tiso makes use of his power to extend presidential exemptions to save tens of thousands of Slovak Jews and their families. Slovak officials prevent any further deportations until September 1944.”

—”Chronology of Slovak History,” page xlv, Historical Dictionary of Slovakia by Stanislav Jozef Kirschbaum (1999, 2007)

And, on page 154 of Kirschbaum’s book, we read in entry titled “Slovak Republic (First)”:

“…Slovak officials halted the deportations in October 1942 when they learned of the fate that awaited Slovak Jews, and until the outbreak of the uprising (q.v.) in August 1944, no further deportations took place.

“Despite German political pressure, the Slovak economy [under the 1939-45 "Slovak Republic" state led by Tiso, pere Jozef Kirschbaum et al.], society, and intellectual life flourished, and the Slovak nation moved far down the road of modernization and national development during the six years of independence. Nevertheless, there was opposition to Slovakia’s first modern state, and a resistance (q.v.) movement soon developed….”

As for the personal politics of Jozef Tiso, we read in the book’s entry titled “Jozef Tiso” (page 174) of the man whom historians left, right, center agree was the Nazi puppet dictator of Axis Slovakia (tried and executed as a top Nazi collaborator in Czechoslovakia in 1947), who bore criminal responsibility for the Holocaust slaughter of over 70,000 Slovak Jews:

“During the six years of the existence of the Slovak Republic, Tiso was the leader of the moderates in the party and sought to minimize German interference in Slovak politics as well as the attempts by radicals, led by Vojtech Tuka (q.v.), to introduce National Socialism into Slovakia….”

An accuate rendering of the above-cited history, as can be found in virtually all other mainstream history books that cover dictator Tiso (for whom Jozef Kirschbaum was a friend, speechwriter and aide-de-camp) and Slovakia’s fascist period, is exemplified by the writing of Stanford historian James Mace Ward. The following (url link provided) is a summary of a research presentation given by Ward in 2006:

http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1422&fuseaction=topics.event_summary&event_id=161773

February 08 2006, 12:00 noon-1:00 p.m.

Event Summary

[snip...]
“Although Tiso was less radical in his fascism than some of his contemporaries, he whole-heartedly sanctioned the expropriation and deportation of Jews and had full knowledge that they were being sent to their deaths….

[James Mace] Ward attributed the sources of Tiso’s anti-Semitism to four influences

“[snip...]Germany first approached Slovakia with an order to begin deporting Jews in 1940. President Tiso resisted pressure from the Vatican and Jewish groups to end deportations, since he was essentially sending Jews to slaughterhouses. Ward’s sources show that Tiso had full knowledge that deported Jews would be murdered. Moreover, although there is evidence that Tiso [who as a Catholic priest himself, was acting under heavy public pressure from the Vatican and also leading Catholic and Protestant bishops in Slovakia who cried out for him to stop deporting Slovak Jews] saved the lives of a number of Jews (though far below the 40,000 purported by his defenders) Ward cited a conversation in which Tiso regretted exempting 18,000 Jews from expropriation and deportation, since he was convinced that the remaining Jews were sabotaging the economy.

“After the 1944 civic anti-Fascist uprising in Slovakia, Tiso lost domestic support and truly became a puppet of the Nazis. At that time he continued to support deportations, since he saw the Jews as the leaders of the revolt. In 1947 Tiso’s trial ended with his execution by hanging.”

The tangible, real-world results of the historical falsification dished out by the Kirschbaums and others in the far-right camp of the Tiso regime exiles (headquartered in Canada) have been tragically manifesting since the break-up of Czechoslovakia in 1993, in the form of resurgent anti-Semitism and anti-Roma violence, and the growth of skinhead and neo-nazi groups inside Slovakia.

Surveying the scene in 2003, one organization that monitors anti-Semitic activity in Europe noted:

“Rehabilitation of the wartime Tiso regime continued to be the main theme of the struggle in 2002/3, between neo-fascist, antisemitic and populist elements, and liberal forces. The views of the former are expressed forcefully in public discourse and in various publications. [Boldface added by blog author]

“Right-wing extremists maintained their high level of activity, begun in 1999 largely in connection with the 60th anniversary of the founding of the wartime Slovak fascist state (14 March 1939). In 2002 they marked the 63rd anniversary of the wartime state with a meeting at Tiso’s grave in the Martin cemetery in Bratislava, and with an authorized demonstration attended by neo-fascists and skinheads (Pravda, 15 March 2002). Several Slovak papers, such as the daily SME, printed articles recalling the commencement of the first deportations in 1942. The attempts to rewrite history and rehabilitate the wartime ideological line continued in a variety of forums, such as “scientific” meetings and numerous publications. A typical example was the claim that Tiso’s regime was not to blame for the Holocaust in Slovakia. Thus, based on the memoirs of Hans Keller, Switzerland’s ambassador to wartime Slovakia, the nationalist weekly Kultura (13/2002) wrote that ‘Tiso opposed Hitler’ …..”

From http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2002-3/slovakia.htm

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Facebook group page on “Jozef Marian Kirschbaum”—

http://www.facebook.com/home.php#!/home.php?sk=group_188633741183926&ap=1

 

 

Escape of a Nazi War Criminal …. to Canadian Freedom, Prosperity and the Whitewashing of His Own Anti-Semitic Crimes in Mainstream Texts

Published November 9, 2010: the anniversary of Kristallnacht (also the Nazis’ patriotic remembrance date for the official German holiday commemorating Hitler’s Beer Hall Putsch, the early Nazi coup attempt in Munich).

by Daniel Barenblatt

Those who can make you believe absurdities can make you commit atrocities. —Sissela Bok

Introduction: A tale told in pictures.

Below: Jozef Marian Kirschbaum (as he appeared in the late 1930s/early 1940), the pro-Nazi leader of Slovakia’s fascist party, agent in the service of Hermann Goering and anti-Semitic speechmaker. Kirschbaum also drafted and enforced the first Slovakian anti-Jewish laws, and an early, lethal, Jewish mass deportation attempt.

Above: from Unholy Trinity by Mark Aarons and John Loftus. Jozef Kirschbaum appears in uniform, bottom photo.

Kirschbaum in Toronto, Canada in the late 1980s. At this time, Kirschbaum was a wanted Nazi war criminal, barred from entering the United States, who found shelter in Canada, and a powerful, uranium tycoon patron. In December of 1988 Kirschbaum became the focus of an international scandal over his fugitive status and past:

Above: from The Roman Empire: The Life and Times of Stephen Roman by Paul McKay. Top photo is Jozef Kirschbaum in Canada, late 1980s. Bottom photo is Jozef Kirschbaum in the Nazi Era.

Below: Jozef Kirschbaum in Toronto, Canada, October 22, 1997. At a meeting with top Slovakia politician Eduard Kukan (seated in front of the Canadian flag), also present is Kirschbaum’s son, Professor Stanislav Jozef Kirschbaum of York University. In a year’s time, Eduard Kukan would become the Foreign Minister of Slovakia. Jozef Kirschbaum is sitting to Kukan’s right. Stanislav J. Kirschbaum is seated at the other side of the table, wearing a black and white striped shirt.

Jozef Kirschbaum was never extradited to Czechoslovakia to serve his adjudicated 20-year prison sentence for war crimes, including Holocaust-related crimes against humanity. On the contrary, he is seen here, long past the age of 80 at the time, in a position of apparent political power and international influence. One is compelled to ask, how and why could this have happened?

Detail of previous photo of Kirschbaums-Kukan meeting in Toronto.

Jozef Kirschbaum is at viewer’s left, Eduard Kukan is at right.

Up until his death in August 2001 at the age of 88, Kirschbaum, in exile, remained active in attempts to historically rehabilitate the Nazi puppet regime of Slovakia (1939-45), of which he was a leading administrator, and co-conspirator in its founding. Kirschbaum’s past did not go away, so why did the public attention, the legal charges, the calls for justice and the dire warnings of his ongoing pro-fascist activities?

Below: Eduard Kukan at the 2006 NATO meeting in Sofia, Bulgaria.
Kukan was the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Slovakia at the time.

Eduard Kukan, standing at far right at a 2004 NATO meeting, beside other East European foreign ministers and NATO chief Jaap de Hoop Scheffer (standing fifth from left).

Newspaper article on Jozef Kirschbaum, from December 10, 1988. (The Kingston Whig-Standard, authored by Paul McKay and Beppi Crosariol, part of their lengthy investigative series “The Kirschbaum File”).

The Holocaust in Slovakia.

Above, top to bottom photos show, in turn, Slovak Jews harassed by Slovak fascist, paramilitary “Hlinka Guard”; forced to wear yellow star identification and assembled under guard; forced to board deportation train to Nazi death camp outside of the Nazi puppet state of Slovakia. Most Slovak Jews perished at Auschwitz.

The Beginning: A Nation and People Under Outside Manipulation

The European Union member state of Slovakia is a small, east-central european nation of 5.4 million people that from 1918 to 1993 comprised the eastern part of Czechoslovakia. From March 1939 until April of 1945, Slovaks lived under a nominally “independent” puppet regime, the “Slovak Republic,” created and directed by Nazi Germany as part of Hitler’s program to break apart, partially annex, and militarily occupy the democratic state of Czechoslovakia.

Germany’s desired Slovak secession was effected with the help of a native Slovak clique of violent and virulently anti-Semitic fascist-nationalists, who were enlisted in the clandestine service of Hermann Goering, the founder of the Gestapo and, later, “Reichsmarschall” and top policymaker for Hitler.

This new Slovak state never attained diplomatic recognition from the United States, nor most other countries of the world, and its new political leaders immediately began enacting harsh, anti-Semitic laws against the Slovak Jewish population, mimicking Berlin’s policies. Dissidents and political opponents, Jewish or not, were arrested and dealt with harshly by Slovakia’s SS-modeled, paramilitary “Hlinka Guard.”

By April of 1945, over 70,000 Slovak Jewish men, women and children had been killed by the Slovak regime working in tandem with the Third Reich. Most of them had been forced onto deportation trains to neighboring Poland and gassed at Auschwitz. At war’s end, only 15% of the Slovakian pre-war Jewish population remained. Slovakia’s dictator, Monsignor Jozef Tiso, was a Hitler loyalist and Catholic priest from whom the Vatican officially distanced itself.

After the war, the fugitive Tiso was found hiding in an Austrian monastery, and brought back to Czechoslovakia where he was tried and executed as a war criminal in 1947.

The current, independent country of Slovakia (which peacefully split from Czechoslovakia in 1993) is in no way considered a successor state to the 1939-45 Nazi puppet entity. Slovaks today generally revile the Tiso era and observe as an official, national holiday the anniversary of a heroic but failed popular rebellion against Tiso and his henchmen, sponsored and assisted with men and arms by the Allied nations including Britain, the United States and the Soviet Union.

Known as the “Slovak National Uprising” of August 1944, this insurgency was led by partisans and renegade units of Tiso’s own Slovak military. It was brutally crushed by Hitler’s Wehrmacht, German SS divisions, Tiso’s Hlinka Guard forces and Ukrainian SS death squads. These troops massacred 93 Slovak villages, and targeted Jews and Gypsies for roundups and extermination.

Now the above-cited facts of this Nazi-dominated period in Slovakian history are indisputable, and accepted by all historians left, right and center. So it comes as a quite a shock to find that two of the standard English language history books of Slovakia, currently in use by many schools and students, falsely portray the 1939-45 Nazi-puppet “Slovak Republic” as a genuinely independent country that was merely in “Germany’s orbit” and “aligned” with the Third Reich.

And rather than being a genocidal dictatorship, Tiso’s Slovakia is presented as having been a legitimate parliamentary republic that treated its “non-Jewish” subjects fairly. The author conveys a sense that the Nazi-dominated years of Slovakia were a prosperous and positive time for Slovak society. The reader is also given the impression that the fighters of the Slovak National Uprising had no higher moral ground than their Nazi oppressors.

As for the Holocaust in Slovakia, the author, in his
relatively brief descriptions of the matter, is careful to never
once use the word “Holocaust,” nor “death camp” nor “Auschwitz,” “Dachau,” “Terezin” and other place names, while using euphemisic language manipulations to minimize both the numbers of Jews killed, and the guilt of the Slovakia collaborator regime’s top officials, including Jozef Tiso.

And throughout these two books, the author suggests that the aforementioned whitewashes and attempts to turn real history upside-down are actually mainstream historical thinking: standard views and basic facts shared by all but a few on the fringe.

The author is not a readily identifiable “nut-job” extremist such as David Duke or Did Six Million Really Die? German-Canadian author Ernst Zundel, but one Dr. Stanislav Kirschbaum, a professor of international relations and diplomacy at York University in Toronto, Canada. The two books are his Historical Dictionary of Slovakia and A History of Slovakia: the Struggle for Survival . Their publishing houses are mainstream and thoroughly respectable, indeed prestigious: PalgraveMacmillan publishes A History of Slovakia: the Struggle for Survival (First Edition 1995, Second Edition 2005) , and Historical Dictionary of Slovakia (First Edition 1997, Second Edition 2007) is published as a part of Scarecrow Press’ “Historical Dictionary” reference work series (its many other titles in the series include, for example Historical Dictionary of the Czech Republic, and Historical Dictionary of the Holocaust ), that are commonly used in university libraries as standard and authoritative sources of information. Scarecrow Press is based in Lantham, Maryland.

How could this absurd and appalling situation come to pass? The answer partly lies in the fact that both in terms of scholarly focus and media attention, the history and culture of Slovakia has been a fairly obscure and rarified field of history and popular concern. Compared to the neighboring Czech Republic, with which it had been in federation as part of Czechoslovakia, Slovakia had been a relative hinterland. Most of the population, strategic resources and industry of Czechoslovakia were concentrated in the Czech provinces, and Slovakia only first emerged as a truly independent state in 1993 (although the Slovak people and culture can be traced back to ancient times, including a Slovak Jewish community that existed during the times of the Roman Empire, and predated the arrival of Christianity in Slovakia).

A nation and people for whom a gap exists in scholarship and historical literature are unfortuately vulnerable to the actions of historians, or pseudo-historians, prepared to pounce and fill that lacuna with their own revisionist accounts, biased agendas and distortions. And in the case of Slovakia, Dr. Stanislav Kirschbaum, and as I shall explain below, Dr. Kirschbaum’s father Jozef Marian Kirschbaum and his international “Slovak World Congress” organization, that is precisely what has happened….

Fascists’ New Turn: From Bush ’88 Campaign to EU Elections

Fascists’ New Turn: From Bush ’88 Campaign to EU Elections

The European Union parliamentary elections of last June produced a slew of significant victories for far-right parties across the EU conglomerate. Notable breakthroughs were seen in parliament representation for racist demagogues and neo-fascist political groups in some Central/Eastern European nations, including Hungary, Romania and Slovakia.

In the United Kingdom, the neo-fascist, Holocaust-denying, racist
British National Party (BNP) breached the vote level where they earned their first seat in the Brussels/Strasbourg EU parliament. Controversy, anger and protest transpired in October when the BBC gave BNP leader and newly minted European Union representative for Britain, Nick Griffin, nationwide television airtime to speechify for the BNP on the show Question Time.

Since the 1989 end of communism in Slovakia, local admirers of the old Axis “Slovak Republic,” a German puppet-state that killed over 75,000 Jews in the Holocaust, have been internationally bolstered by a Slovak emigre network. This network originated from fascist, post-war exiles from the former Czechoslovakia, including fugitive Nazi war criminals and their supporters, and is based largely in Canada.

And (consequently, in part) anti-Semitic incidents have grown in number, including violence and vandalism against Jews and Jewish religious sites, and there have been violent attacks upon Slovakia’s Roma minority (Gypsies). Outside observers and Jewish organizations within Slovakia have directly attributed the emergence and rise of such acts and bigotry to the work of Slovak exile groups, whose revisionist historians and cultural propagandists swooped down upon Czechoslovakia in the post-1990 period, following a grant of general amnesty to the indicted Nazi war crminals and Nazi collaborators who had led these groups. Their rehabilitation and glorification of the Tiso regime and Axis Slovakia period, done at times from the platform of universities and state cultural institutions, has served to foster and encourage the growth of neo-nazism and current-day attacks against Jews and Roma people.

One alarming, institutional aspect of this sociopolitical tendency is the reemergence in Slovakia of the first documented forced, racial sterilizations of women in Europe since the Nazis made it common practice in the German-occupied countries of World War II (against handicapped, Gypsy and Jewish women and girls).

Although banned by law in Slovakia, it appears to be going on anyway, barely concealed. See this video documentary, for example: “Forced Sterilisation-Slovakia” :

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SipcRkfnxtY

In 2003, the United States Congressional body investigated the matter, and published their findings in Coerced sterilization of Romani women in Slovakia: a report /, authored by the staff of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. The commission was chaired by Representatives Benjamin Cardin and Alcee Hastings. The report concluded by noting that although the Slovak government had promised to set up a special investigating group on coerced sterilizations, the “threat [of criminal charges brought against people reporting "false information" on sterilizations"] has led some to suggest that the Slovak Government is more interested in silencing its critics than investigating their claims.” As of 2010, it appears that this terrible practice continues on in Slovakia.

The full report can be found online, here:

http://csce.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=UserGroups.Home&ContentRecord_id=312&

ContentType=G&ContentRecordType=G&
UserGroup_id=84&Subaction=ByDate&
CFID=95720&CFTOKEN=1

In tandem with the return of the Nazi-replicating, biomedical crime of mass, involuntary sterilization of women, there have been more visible acts of racial and anti-Semitic hatred and violence. In echoes of Slovakia’s Nazi-shadowed past, they include vandalism, beatings and murder. There should be a great outcry from human rights groups in the rest of the world, especially given Slovakia’s status as an EU and NATO member nation.

But that, surprisingly, has yet to occur. And in attributing blame for these trends and occurences one should look outside this small country’s borders to the institutions and persons of the West whose academic and sociopolitical power have spearheaded the damage; I shall focus here on one person in particular, Canada’s Dr. Stanislav Jozef Kirschbaum, and do so mainly because not only is he pushing a “scholarly” procession of books, articles and lectures that serve to rehabilitate the Nazi puppet regime and legacy of Slovakia’s World War II dictator Jozef Tiso, but his work to this end is conducted under the auspices of such prestigious and distinguished establishment bodies as York University, St. Martin’s Press, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

Professor Stanislav Kirschbaum, an author and media commentator who has had close to 200 radio and television appearances, and is listed in Who’s Who in Canada, is creating a distorted, Axis-apologetic modern history and historical viewpoint for Slovakia that threatens to become the standard, mainstream and most influential version of Slovak history, in the absence of other English language general histories of this Slovakia, the lesser known and less developed portion of the former Czechoslovakia (split into Czech republic/Slovakia republic again in 1993). This landlocked, mountainous country of five million (with a 10% Roma population) rremains relatively obscure, yet for a West alignment against Russia, geopolitically quite strategic.

Stanislav Kirschbaum’s books also contain some glaring, basic factual errors. For example, in the entry “Jews” of his book Historical Dictionary of Slovakia, author Kirschbaum describes Bratislava, the Slovakian capital city, as the home of Rabbi Nachman, the legendary Jewish leader and founder of the Breslov Chasidic Dynasty. In fact, Rabbi Nachman was based in the town of Breslov, in the Ukraine, and was widely known as “Rabbi Nachman of Breslov.” Apparently Kirschbaum has confused Slovakia’s Bratislava with “Bratslav,” another name for Ukrainian Breslov. This mistake occurs in both the orginal 1999 and the 2007 second edition of Historical Dictionary of Slovakia.

The case of Slovakia also provides a revealing link to the behind-the-scenes role played by the post-1989 manipulations of Central-Eastern European politics and culture by North American
interests (including Canada as well as the United States), and their ties to the 1988 U.S. presidential election scandal in which it was revealed that the campaign staff of then-Vice President George Bush included a number of top advisors who had been Nazi collaborators and war criminals, and some still linked to current-day, anti-Semitic and fascist organizations.

Included in this GOP “Heritage Groups Council” were an electoral section for “ethnic outreach” were such figures as Florian Galdau, a retired priest and top member of Axis Romania’s pro-Hitler “Iron Guard”; Laszlo Pasztor, an embassy official in Berlin for the Nazi-
installed “Arrow Cross” regime of Axis Hungary, and Bulgarian Radi Slavoff, the executive director of the Heritage Groups Council and the Washington representative of the Bulgarian National Front, a fascist group that included neo-nazis in its ranks.

Following media exposure in September 1988, George Bush (senior) fired some of those named in the press, and went on to win the November election. However, as author Russ Bellant noted in a Nov. 19, 1988 New York Times, op-ed piece, four of those seven member discharged still maintained leadership positions within the Heritage Groups Council (including those named above), and many Nazi sympathizers and former figures in the collaborationist, Holocaust-perpetrating regimes of Eastern Europe continued to fill the council’s ethnic outreach positions.

Those ominous figures lingering on in the GOP’s council included
far-right Slovakians. They were U.S. resident members of the Slovak World Congress. Of them, Bellant observed: “The Slovak section of the council is run by sympathizers and at least one former official of the Slovak Nazi state created by Hitler in 1938. [This "Slovak Republic" entity was carved out of Czechoslovakia following the infamous Munich Agreement, "autonomous" under German pressure in late 1938, and nominally "independent" from Wehrmacht-invaded Czechoslovakia, as a Nazi satellite state from March 1939 through to its Allied-liberation in 1945].

“Although the Slovak state declared war on America one day after Hitler did, and deported many Slovak Jews to gas chambers, the leaders of the Heritage Council Slovak section still hold annual memorials of the 1938 founding of the puppet regime of Slovakia.”

The same Slovak World Congress that notoriously swelled the ranks of America’s Republican National Committee’s ethnic programs and and Bush campaign staff has also provided for the professional life and scandalously authoritative influence of Stanislav Kirschbaum, in Slovakia today, with the sadly predictable results of bolstering the far-right forces of both countries.

The Slovak World Congress has folded, but its power and influence extends to this day by the work of its offshoot groups and publications. Dr. Stanislav Kirschbaum, currently a professor of international studies at York University (Glendon College), in Toronto, contributed to Slovak World Congress publications and activities in the 1970s and 1980s. Since 2004, Kirschbaum has taught at the University of Trnava in Trnava, Slovakia during off-schedule periods at York University, and in 2008 he was awarded the “University of Trnava Medal” for his academic work. At present, there is scant literature that is solely devoted to Slovakian history and society available in libraries or bookstores, and little media attention to the small country. This situation gives Kirschbaum and his pro-Tiso, Nazi sympathizing cohorts the opportunity to fill a vacuum.

And, as the saying goes, words have consequences. Directly, or indirectly. One newly elected, far-right EU representative from Slovakia has run and won on a racist platform scapegoating the Roma minority. His party, the ultra-nationalist “Slovak National Party” won with 5.39% of the vote and espouses anti-Gypsy, anti-Hungarian and anti-Jewish propaganda in its campaigning, and is a junior coalition partner of the party of the current Slovakian prime minister, Robert Fico. The historical whitewashers and glorifiers of Slovakia’s Nazi-era regime prepare a fertile cultural ground for such outcomes.

The case of Jozef Mikus provides an example of how one of Kirschbaum’s Slovak World Congress affiliates has literally helped define the U.S. political landscape through deciding election outcomes, via his involvement in electoral power politics. Mikus had, according to columnist Jack Anderson, served as an advisor to a number of prominent Republican Party officials and elected figures (Jack Anderson,“Doleful Dole,” Washington Post, May 18, 1978, p. A25; Jack Anderson and Les Whitten, “Nazi Eulogy,” Washington Post, May 4, 1976, p.B15). As noted in a piece by Russ Bellant in the newsletter Press for Conversion!, Mikus, while in this capacity, would hold forth “that a German victory would have been preferable to an Allied one during WWII. Mikus was an unrepentant supporter of Monsignor Josef Tiso, the Catholic priest and leader of the Slovakian Hlinka Guard during WWII [also the Hitler-installed, nominal leader of Slovakia as a whole]. Lucy Dawidowicz, in her book The War Against the Jews, estimated that the Hlinka Guard participated in the murder of 75,000 Slovak Jews.” [[i]Press for Conversion![/i] Issue # 54 August 2004]

And still there is another level to this story, at which point the bottom drops out and we, in still greater surprise, meet the abyss. Professor Stanislav Jozef Kirschbaum is the son of a wanted Nazi war criminal, Jozef Marian Kirschbaum (1913-2001). This Jozef M. Kirschbaum had been a top official of Axis Slovakia’s Tiso regime 1939-45, and leader in the violent persecution of Slovakia’s Jewish population and the production of anti-Semitic propaganda. Jozef Kirschbaum managed to elude capture and extradition to stand trial in post-war Czechoslovakia, eventually moving to Canada in 1949, where he resided until his death in August of 2001. He had been listed as a wanted war criminal with Allied authorities since 1946, when Czechslovakia registered his name as such at the U.S. Army base in Wiesbaden, West Germany, near the city of Frankfurt am Main.

Of course, this in itself is not something that should be held against Professor Stanislav Kirschbaum; after all, one cannot choose one’s parents or family history. Stanislav was born in Bratislava in 1942, and he was still a toddler when the Nazi terror upon Europe came to an end in May of 1945.

But unfortunately, from the 1960s to the present, Prof. Stanislav Kirschbaum’s own published ouevre of articles and books have consistently promoted and echoed the historical stance of his father Jozef Kirschbaum, and Kirschbaum’s post-war network of fascist Slovak exile organizations. That is to say, the line (rooted in fascist ideology and falsified history) that the Nazi satellite state of Tiso’s Slovakia was a commendable and just entity. These works have also served, by various omissions and misleading characterizations, to distort and whitewash the history of fascist anti-Semitism and the genocide of Jews in Slovakia during the Holocaust, and immediate post-war period (over 70,000 men, women and children murdered; most sent to their extermination in Auschwitz by the end of 1944) And in which Jozef Kirschbaum himself played a major role, by instigating and enforcing brutal anti-Jewish violence and legal dictates.

These actions of Jozef Kirschbaum in the 1938-1940 period constituted landmark events in the history of the Holocaust. At this time Kirschbaum held the posts of Secretary-General (leader) of the Slovakian fascist party (the “Hlinka People’s Party”), and also served as a top propagandist, advisor, and chief administrator for dictator Jozef Tiso; and additionally served as a top commander of the Hlinka Guard, and head of the regime’s “Jewish Office” responsible for drafting anti-Jewish laws and assets confiscations.

In effect, then, Stanislav Kirschbaum is continuing his father’s work into the 21st century by erasing memory of its Axis period mass horrors (in part configured by Jozef Kirschbaum, his father and mentor), and hijacking history in the process. From the 1990s to the present, it has been scandalously the case that major publishers serve as his revisionist vessels, including St. Martin’s Press and Scarecrow Press (of Lanham, Maryland and London, publisher of the “Historical Dictionary of…” series used as standard reference works). Before this period, Stanislav Kirschbaum had done so in the media of books and articles published and distributed by Slovak World Congress-organ presses and affiliated small houses, e.g. “Slavica Publishers” of Columbus, Ohio, the self-referential “Slovak World Congress” publishing house based in Toronto, and the “Slovak Insititute” of Cleveland, Ohio. These were Stanislav Kirschbaum’s respective publishers for East European History (Kirschbaum, ed., 1988), Reflections on Slovak History (Kirschbaum and Anne C. Roman, eds., 1987) Slovak Politics: Essays on Slovak History in Honour of Joseph M. Kirschbaum (Kirschbaum, ed., 1983) This latter book is a “festschrift” celebration of Stanislav Kirschbaum’s father, still alive and well at age 70 at the book’s publication date, and still wanted in Czechoslovakia to stand trial for his 20-year prison sentence for Nazi collaborationist war/holocaust crimes. Stanislav Kirschbaum was assisted in the copy-editing and proofreading of this book by his then-wife, Dr. Agnes Whitfield, currently a professor of translation at York University. Prior to her work on this with the Slovak World Congress, Prof. Whitfield had served for four years as a professional French-English translator with the Canadian Secretary of State translation bureau (1976-1980). At the time of the release of em>Slovak Politics: Essays on Slovak History in Honour of Joseph M. Kirschbaum, in 1983, Jozef M. Kirschbaum was the highest-ranking Axis Tiso regime official left alive and unapprehended.

Within some five year’s time, Kirschbaum’s Nazi fugitive status and continuing pro-Axis propaganda works would become a major international scandal for the nation of Canada, with many asking how Kirschbaum had managed to elude justice for so long and with such an evidently large-scale and well-funded base of support. The outcry was led in part by Dr. Rudolf Vrba, a Slovakian Jew who, in a famous incident, managed to escape Auschwitz in 1944 and smuggle a detailed report of the camp’s atrocities and extermination mechanics, including diagrams of crematoria, to the outside world. In 1984, Rudolf Vrba, who had emigrated to Canada in the 1950s and become a professor of pharmacology at Vancouver Univeristy, watched on his TV screen the visit of Pope John Paul II to Canada, the first by any pope to Canada, and was amazed to recognize as the pope’s escort in Toronto none other than Jozef Marian Kirschbaum, the man who had drafted and enforced Slovakia’s first anti-Jewish laws for the Nazis, rallied Slovaks to murderous violence against Vrba and the rest of Slovakian Jewry, and set in motion the wheels of legalized persecution that would eventually send Vrba to Auschwitz. Quoted in the Jerusalem Post of November 25, 1988, Vrba said:

”Before the Jews could be deported from Slovakia and murdered, it had to be first established who is a Jew. Only some were visibly obvious, what with their beards and kaftans. Others – especially atheists, or those who had changed their religion, or had lived in mixed marriages – were less visible…

“The law defining who was a Jew was drafted for Slovakia by Dr. Kirschbaum. This law was praised – by his own newspaper – as being much more strict than the Nuremberg race laws of Nazi Germany . By-laws were introduced to accompany this basic law, again written by Dr. Kirschbaum.

”The Jews were to be removed from the civil service, their factories and businesses were to be confiscated,” Dr. Vrba continues. ”Jewish doctors were forbidden to treat non-Jewish patients. Jews were barred from the political, economic, cultural and social life of the country. They were forced to declare all their assets. They were forced to surrender cars and radios, musical instruments and skiing equipment. Their identity cards were marked with a ‘J’.

”From the age of seven, they were forced to wear a six-centimetre yellow Star of David. They were only allowed to live in certain streets; they were not allowed to leave their homes after 8 p.m.; marriage with a non-Jew was a crime, and so was sex with non-Jews”….

The police could not handle the job, says Dr. Vrba, but Kirschbaum had a special unit formed from the Hlinka Guards. But the project almost backfired. The Hlinka Guards thugs, equipped with revolvers and truncheons, managed only to create chaos. ”The deportation of 60,000 people,” says Dr.Vrba with bitter irony, ”requires a lot of law and order.”

Kirschbaum solved the problem. The Hlinka Guards were given a special officer corps, the so-called Academic (University) Hlinka Guards. Their founder and comander: Dr. Joseph Kirschbaum.

Comments Dr. Vrba: ”But if you ask Dr. Kirschbaum today what he’d been doing then, he’ll tell you he was academically active.”

(Jerusalem Post, November 25, 1988 “Past Returns to Haunt Slovak Fascist” by Peter Adler)

A pro-Axis bias is startlingly apparent in the two most recent history books of Jozef Kirschbaum’s son Dr. Stanislav Kirschbaum, both published by mainstream houses: A History of Slovakia: the Struggle for Survival (1995, latest edition: 2005) and Historical Dictionary of Slovakia (1997, latest edition: 2007).

In both texts, Stanislav Kirschbaum describes the Nazi satellite Slovakia under Tiso as a truly independent nation, waters down the nature and extent of fascist Slovakia’s atrocities against Jews and dissidents, and depicts in negative, even mocking terms the Slovak leaders and participants of the 1944 armed Slovak rebellion against Hitler and the puppet-Tiso regime.

Of course, to create such a distorted picture of fascist-era Slovakia and Czechoslovakia an author would have to bend facts, employ selective and misleading language, and use questionable sources, and even a quick leaf-through of these books reveals to any discerning reader that Stanislav Kirschbaum has in fact done all of the above. The official duties and posts of his father Jozef Kirschbaum in the 1938-45 period are simply altered from the historical reality or deleted from mention, as it suits his son in shaping an neutral or even positive image of Jozef Kirschbaum in the reader’s mind.

And in so doing attempting to tilt the culture and education of Slovakia, now an independent state for the first time in its history, in rightward and even neo-fascist directions suitable to the most anti-Russia elements in Slovakia’s recently acquired (in the 1990s) superiors in NATO (for whom Stanislav Kirschbaum has worked as an strategic advisor and editor) and the European Union.

Post-war protection for Kirschbaum was (scandalously) provided by British and French intelligence, when Kirschbaum was employed to participate in a British-led covert operation within Czecholoslvakia. The deal they apparently made is reminiscent of the immunity that the US Army Counter Intelligence Corps and CIA notoriously provided for Klaus Barbie, the fugitive SS officer “Butcher of Lyon,” who lived comfortably in Argentina and Bolivia for decades in exchange for becoming a U.S. agent and providing information and expertise garnered from his work in the gestapo and Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Nazi intelligence agency during the war.

Jozef Kirschbaum’s documented atrocities include his enforcing the first attempted external deportation of Jews (to Hungary) in Europe (in which two Jewish children froze to death), and organizing the first, Nazi-inspired pogrom in central Europe (which pre-dated Krystalnacht, Nov. 9, 1938, by a week), led by Kirschbaum’s SS-mimicking “Academic Hlinka Guard” black-uniformed brigades.

Kirschbaum was also responsible for overseeing the confiscation of Jewish businesses and property, and meeting with Adolf Eichmann to arrange early anti-Jewish laws for Slovakia. Jozef Kirschbaum fled to Canada in 1949, following the failure of the aforementioned neo-fascist coup attempt in Czechoslovakia (occurring in 1947), in which he had been employed by British and French intelligence to help crush leftist forces in Prague. Kirschbaum’s longtime mentor and cohort Ferdinand Durcansky, an ex-cabinet member of the Tiso regime, had with Kirschbaum helped direct the far-right, anti-Semitic underground in this abortive putsch from exile bases in Paris, Madrid and Rome, along with other remnant Slovakian fascists, including some Russian ex-Nazi SS and Ukrainian ex-Nazi SS members still residing within Czechoslovakia.

In 1970, the still-fugitive and unrepentant Jozef Kirschbaum and Ferdinand Durcansky co-founded the aforementioned “Slovak World Congress” an international organization of far-right, nationalist Slovak exiles, former Tiso henchmen and their fascist sympathizers. The Slovak World Congress was largely funded with money from Stephen B. Roman, a Slovak-Canadian uranium tycoon. Roman had amassed a fortune from his uranium mining and processing company, Denison Mines, valued at over two billion dollars in corporate assets at the time of Roman’s death in 1988. Roman had become a close friend and patron of Jozef Kirschbaum following Kirschbaum’s flight from Switzerland to Canada in 1949, in the wake of the Durcansky- Kirschbaum foiled coup attempt of 1947. Over the next four decades, Roman and Kirschbaum would take Caribbean vacations together and share office floor space in a Toronto skyscraper, where Kirschbaum worked in a low-profile job as an insurance executive.

(TO BE CONTINUED)

The Celebration Will Not Be Televised

As millions gather around televisions and radios to witness the Obama inaugural ceremonies, we should remember the first celebration of Obama’s election as US president.

That would be the spontaneous and informal bursts of joy and relief breaking out all over America, and the world, upon the network television announcement shortly before 11 pm that Obama-Biden had clinched the necessary majority of electoral votes to win.

A number of people I spoke with in New York said they could not remember experiencing anything like the collective, heartfelt expressions of euphoria: The cheers, applause, dancing, group hugs, whooping and cheering, curb-side partying, strangers high-fiving, puffing victory cigars down sidewalk strolls and all-around champagne-popping involving everyone in sight, into the wee-hours of the morning. The comparison that sprang to my mind, as it no doubt did to many others’, was V-J Day, the end of World War II.

That August afternoon in 1945 I was not around to see personally, taking my memory of the auspicious eruption of from the black-and-white photos of the history books: sailors dancing-in the-streets, that famous Eisenstaedt shot of an amorous couple, sailor and nurse, kissing in the avenue.

But I was lucky enough to have been immersed in a virtual repeat of that day on November 4, 2008.

Author Jean-Louis Bourgeois remarked: “The defeat of Japan marking the end of World War II became V-J Day. Similarly, Obama’s electoral triumph could be called V-O [V-Obama] day.

“V-O Day marks the perceived end of two contemporary wars: the end of the war of the Bush administration and its allies to steal from the American people, and the end of the struggle by Black Americans to win what for hundreds of years had been deemed the exclusive domain of whites, the highest office in the land.”

It appeared to me that the nation’s media, TV radio and print included, did its level best to actively ignore and elide reporting upon this ubiquitous, grassroots, emotional upsurge. A gaping hole in “the first draft of history.” This is the second reason why the Obama festivities demand a place in the historical record: to document the media’s shocking (yes, that is the right word), Orwellian omission and erasure of what was before the eyes and ears of so many millions of people that night, across the country. And to explain to us why they did so.

The morning of November 5, CNN showed a brief clip of one such celebration, a group of young people with arms outstretched toward the sky, daisy-chain dancing in Santa Cruz, California. There was no discernible audio and the quality was dim, grainy and discontinuous, like a bad webcam link. CNN’s “American Morning” anchorwoman spoke over the video as it played, the entire clip was under 30 seconds and
there were no close shots or interviews of the celebrants. And the relatively small, university town of Santa Cruz has the reputation of being a liberal/progressive enclave, and a place where the young and free-spirited predominate. Hence CNN’s selection of this out-of-the-way locale as its token little showpiece of the un-aired profound and massive, millions-strong national paroxysm the night before.

There were video clips shown on CNN and other channels of indoor group
applause and hugs, of all-Black gatherings before a TV set where it was
understood that a sympathetic crowd had assembled for the purpose of watching the returns come in unanimous hope of a McCain defeat. The reaction footage was pre-selected to send camera crews to stereotypically Black areas, such as Harlem or inner-city Philadelphia. In so doing, the networks excluded people from seeing and hearing the real depth, diversity and broadness of Obama’s national support: in truth, far more Obama voters were white than Black. And it seemed obvious that a sweeping majority of voters, of whatever race or ethnicity, were sick to death of Bush policies and the Republicans.

The following evening, November 5, the CNN Anderson Cooper 360 show had its voiceover tell us, narrating clips of indoors Obama support gatherings, that “people are celebrating in ordinary places.” That meticulously worded little snippet of misleading vaguerie was the extent of CNN’s primetime viewing coverage, or anti-coverage, of the amazing, epic mass phenomenon that had taken place everywhere less than 24 hours earlier, and in whose afterglow, millions, or billions of humanity were stll basking.

And predictably, no newspaper or magazine columns about this grand historical-sociological event, no New York Times or Harpers or The New Republic think-pieces, yet another media blackout as we experience on so many other happenings and occurences. Even at the cost of embarassingly contradictory police incident reports which, without an explanation or even mention of the real situation, are sure to have left some readers scratching their heads, e.g. a brief November 5 New York Daily News article on the arrest of a Williamsburg, Brooklyn man for disorderly conduct on Obama Victory night, describing a crowd scene, but failing to provide the readers the key contextual fact that this odd street fracas had been part of the neighborhood’s young people ecstatically pouring into the streets for Obama and the defeat of McCain and the Republicans. Why else would such an unapproved mob as this coalesce out of nowhere on a Tuesday night?

Times Square, election night: a large crowd, mostly white, had amassed before the Jumbotron screen, (a smililar, huge midtown gathering of hopeful strangers had assembled before a screen and lit-up, electoral vote bar graph, posted on the Rockefeller Center building facade), and the TV news cameras focused disproportionately on Black faces and upon Black people for reaction shots and interviews. It seemed that every effort was made to mis-portray, to give a false impression that the stunned, mass euphoria simultaneously sweeping America as a Black racial and cultural phenomenon, instead of the cross-ethnic, trans-racial unifying even that it was.

I experienced first hand the spontaneous mass celebrations in Union Square Park that had young people climbing upon traffic lights and park lampposts causing weeks-long damage and removal of said utilities, and also in the blocks around Washington Square Park (the park itself, already half-wrecked and closed-off by unpopular “redesign” demolition work forced upon the community) had been sealed and closed off by NYPD police), pizza places and bars. on Second Avenue in the East Village, near St. Mark’s place that actually shut down the avenue and East 7th Street and had long city busses backing up the length of the cross-town block and backwards down the avenue, a beige sofa pulled out and set upon the avenue itself, people climbing up and dancing upon the rooftop of a moving MTA bus, strangers high fiving, V-J Day style long embrace-kissing by at least three couples; reverent, rapt, tearful, transfixed gazing upon the CNN broadcast of Obama’s Chicago victory speech (with gross undercount of the Chicago crowd size stated by Wolf Blitzer and weird, cutaway visual interruption of the speech to a grainy, webcam-link clip of Kenyan natives).

As a last piece of primary evidence, I submit a blog excerpt from an East Village resident, Ms. Judy Bodor; it does a fine job conveying the feel of that memorable night and the common, profound reality that the power-editors and corporate-journalists of New York City deemed not fit to print:

LETS KEEP THIS GOING

We all watched last night, we watched alone at home, in bars
with friends and strangers, at work, where-ever we could..
I
have to admit i didn’t expect the reaction to be so overwhelming..
i knew he would win, but the surge of joy that took over every last
drop of air in room – F—-g Hell. The walk home from the bar was
like nothing I have ever experienced, fireworks, constant happy
yelling, car horns, more yelling, strangers giving high 5′s, the look of shock and excitement of everyones faces.
As I stumbled in the door of my house at 1am Angus woke up.
”mummy are you okay”
i stood on my tiptoes so he could see my face over the pillows on his bunk bed.
”yes baby , guess what…Obama won, he is our new president”
Angus still half
asleep pumped the air with happiness and said “yes yes yes”
then
rolled over and went back to sleep.
When he woke this morning the
first thing he said to me was “mum, i am so excited obama won – he
is going to change the world” I hope he is right….

This has been a
crappy couple of years for nearly everyone I know. Financial ruin,
family illness, marriage break-ups, sick kids…it has been just one
fucking shitty thing after another.
Last night however made me
forget all the bad crap, the stress, the knots in my stomach from
constant worry, it was all gone in a second…
I want every night,
every day to feel as positive as it did at midnight last night.

Watch Your Backs: Huffington Post Parrots GOP Propaganda Line That Exit Polls Are Unreliable

 

The Huffington Post website’s article on the 2008 elections exit polls, presented as the poll results were being released to the public, may have caused some readers to blink hard and wonder if perhaps the “liberal” HuffPost had been hacked by National Review staffers.  The piece (see below) (dis)informs us that the official vote counts verify and confirm the exit poll data, rather than the other way around. In truth, one of the main reasons that exit polls are conducted is to provide a reliable measure (and they have proven reliable, in virtually every nation that has had exit polling, for decades) of how people actually voted and to function as a check against vote fraud, election-rigging, and fradulent vote counting. 

This upside-down view is the same, easily disproven position that was presented to the public in a lengthy, self-contradicting piece by Republican columnist and FOX News commentator Michael Barone in last month’sWall Street Journal . By adopting the false, unscientific, and frankly bizarre stance that we should automatically trust the official vote counts over exit poll results, especially in the face of repeated, proven GOP computer vote-rigging of US elections, occuring in races at least since November of 2000, the Huffington Post is sacrificing its journalistic credibility, and acting as a de facto propagandist and water-carrier for the GOP computer election-rigging machine.

See here, and note also that this piece is anonymously written, no author(s) identified.

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/11/04/exit-polls-2008-see-the-f_n_140986.html

Excerpts of this HuffPost’s article’s anti-exit polling, false statements:

HuffPost statement:  “(More exit polls coming soon. We explain why you shouldn’t trust them below.)

The head to head exit polls just were sent to the Huffington Post by a Democratic source. These are traditionally unreliable and should be taken with a grain of salt (see: Kerry’s winning margins in 2004). For what it’s worth, they project a big night for Obama in several of the key swing states ….”

 

HuffPost statement:   “Again, as a point of caution, here is what Democratic pollster Stan Greenberg said about exit polls in an interview today with the Huffington Post: “The biggest problem with exit polls is… we do know that young voters are much more likely to do an exit survey and seniors are much less likely to do an exit poll,” he said. “So exit polls are heavily waited to young people, which normal bias favors Democrats especially this year.” “

For added effect, the Huffington Post attached this piece by Jason Linkins to the bottom of the above exit polls article:

HuffPost statement: “A WARNING ON EXIT POLLS
By Jason Linkins

“Should you trust the exit polling data? The short answer is: No. The longer answer is: Noooooooooooo. Right now, if there’s one memory that remains — stinging — to a nation of Democratic voters it’s the memory of a slate of crazy Kerry-leaning exit polls that made it look like Bush was going down to defeat at about 4:30pm on Election Day. It didn’t turn out that way ….”

—————————-

Yes, Jason, it “didn’t turn out that way”, but that is because the election was stolen by Bush-Cheney and company. That’s why we use exit polls. The same reason, say, that the New York Times reported that a Polish candidate had won Poland’s presidential election in 2006, based upon and explicitly citing the exit poll results, before all Poland’s votes were counted. Or why Florida was accurately reported to have gone for Gore in 2000, before a hastily inserted, new Diebold memory card deleted over 16,000 Gore votes in a split second. History is history, and you can’t change what is known to have happened, Jason, any more than you can change the laws of statistics and probability. And are you sure that you’re really a Democrat and/or liberal?

Was the Spoonamore Court Case Key to Preventing a 2008 GOP Election Theft?

Dutifully ignored and marginalized in the mainstream media,this landmark Ohio civil case may have been one of the key deciding factors in blocking Rove, Connell et al. from pulling another 2004 computer vote coup d’etat.

From www.markcrispinmiller.com —

The impact of Mike Connell’s deposition

Today, November 09, 2008, 13 hours ago | mcm

 

Although there’s mounting evidence that Rove & Co. pulled something funny in key Senate races and a raft of other contests nationwide, they clearly–and surprisingly–did not try any major interference with the presidential outcome (so far, anyway).

 

Here’s a fascinating email on the Connell deposition, and its likely impact on the election.

MCM

 

From Harriett Crosby:

Dear friends,

It’s a new day in America, a new era of hope. Obama’s election has already transformed the energy of this place. His well organized, disciplined campaign has transcended partisan divides as the transition team searches for excellent people regardless of party.

 

It is a breath of fresh air.

 

Friends have asked if I think the Michael Connell deposition on Monday deterred Rove from trying to hack another election. My answer: It was clearly Obama who won–his winning personality, his family, his clarity, his honest campaign. Nonetheless, I do believe that our work to bring Connell into the light of legal scrutiny the day before the election was critical to protect the integrity of this election at a time of consequence for the nation.

 

We at Velvet Revolution VR were running defense for democracy, tackling those who were coming at Obama from the shadowy sidelines: people, like Connell, who were using secret computer IT networks to manipulate the vote count at the tabulation level. It was important to expose the invisible and illegal ways of taking advantage of every weak point in the electoral system by designing computer programs to manipulate elections without leaving a trace.

Bobby Kennedy and Greg Palast were publicizing voter disenfranchisement, intimidation, caging, purging voter registration lists and all the visible ways of suppressing the Democratic vote. It was very important this came out in Rolling Stone before the election, so that many people were paying attention. Velvet Revolution was going after the invisible corruption–the election tabulation fraud–and so it was much more difficult to get this published in the mainstream media. In spite of hiring Fenton Communications to get out the election fraud story (they put out some good press releases), the media never picked it up.

 

Make no mistake, there is alarming evidence that Bush stayed in the White House for a second term by stealing the 2004 election. After four years of researching this, listening to whistleblowers and putting the invisible jig-saw puzzle together, we know WHO did it: Karl Rove, his computer IT operative, Mike Connell, Jack Abramoff, Susan Ralston and Ken Blackwell. We know HOW they did it: using computer networks like SMARTech.com, GovTechSolutions.com, gwb43.com, New Media Communications and GOP.com. We know WHEN: in the late hours of election night in 2004–at 11:13 p.m., to be precise–when Blackwell shunted the vote tally from Ohio to GOP servers in Chattanooga, Tennessee, where they were changed just enough to give the election to Bush. We have evidence, from the Ohio Secretary of State’s Office, of the election architecture that shows exactly when the vote tally was sent to SMARTech at GOP headquarters in Tennessee, and when it came back. This is how Bush got a second term–and Karl Rove was behind it. Rove will be the next (after Connell) to be subpoenaed in our Ohio lawsuit.

 

It has been frustrating for me to know all this and not be able to get the media to cover the story as it unfolded. I had been counting on the media and court of public opinion to expose this massive fraud and corruption of our election process. But I was wrong to wait for the media to do the story. They never did. It was a violation of the law and belonged in court.

 

VR found lawyers in Ohio who reviewed the evidence of these shenanigans, and went to federal court in July, 2008 to expose it. The Judge decided to lift the stay on an existing lawsuit, and then all of this information was put before him. We had the quiet support of the Ohio Secretary of State and Attorney General. To get that support, we had to provide loads of evidence. Details of the lawsuit and hearing are spelled out in many articles on http://www.rovecybergate.com. But the long and short of it is that the judge ruled in our favor four times: lifting the stay on the prior lawsuit; subpoenaing Connell; compelling Connell’s appearance in court on Friday, Oct. 3; and then ordering him to submit to a deposition on Monday, Nov. 3–the day before Election Day.

 

Connell’s attorneys did everything possible to keep him from testifying. But since he was compelled to appear, he did show up on Friday with three high-powered lawyers from the Bush/Cheney ‘04 team–and they were ready to fight. It was a contentious three-hour hearing, in which he said he was too busy for a deposition until after the election. The lawyer said this was like the bank robber saying, sorry, he couldn’t show up in court because he was too busy making plans to rob the next bank. Attorney Cliff Arnebeck accused Connell in open court of rigging elections for Karl Rove. Connell turned “beet red” when the judge ruled that he would have to come back at noon on Monday to submit to a sworn deposition, exactly 18 hours before the polls were to open.

 

But Connell was as cool as a cucumber when he showed up in court Monday, Nov. 3 with his lawyers. He was placed under oath and grilled about election fraud, “man in the middle” computer manipulation of the vote count, Trojan horse remote control of the tabulation process, and threats from Rove if he didn’t take the heat for all such crimes.

 

He did his best to stonewall, but did indicate that, to his knowledge, there would be no tabulation manipulation of Tuesday’s election.

 

So what happened over the weekend after being under the eye of an attentive Federal Judge? Two weeks ago, Rove was confidently saying that McCain could win ten battleground states to become President. McCain was confidently telling everyone that he would win with a surge in the wee hours of election night (when the numbers could be manipulated). On Thursday, Oct. 30, Rove had an op-ed in the Wall Street Journal, telling voters to ignore the polls, and that McCain could win. But something changed over the weekend. By Monday after the deposition, Rove wrote on his blog that Obama would win by “a electoral landslide,” even in those states he had previously predicted McCain would win.

 

http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2008/11/04/rove-predicts-obama-landslide/

 

As Mark Crispin Miller said: “And there was Karl Rove’s abrupt decision not to try to rig the outcome, a reversal he signaled Monday evening when he suddenly foretold an electoral landslide for Obama, just hours after Mike Connell, his longtime IT fixer, had been forced to answer questions, under oath, in an Ohio courtroom.”

 

Personally, I believe that a miracle happened. I had given up hope of anything coming of this lawsuit before the election because I was told that newspapers don’t do stories until after a judge rules on a case and that these things take forever. But my colleagues at VR persevered, intent on helping to save this election. I was totally surprised last week (just a week ago) to learn that the Judge had ruled against Connell attempt to quash the subpoena and compelled him to show up in court Friday, Oct.31, just days before the election.

 

And then he ordered Connell to come back on Monday to testify under oath, giving him all weekend to ponder his situation. Connell certainly discussed this with his lawyers, and probably with Rove and others. Rove knew he was the next to be subpoenaed by this Judge. They knew that we were onto them, and had evidence of what had happened. They may have decided it just wasn’t worth the risk to manipulate another election. So I think the lawsuit and deposition on Monday may have deterred them in a small way from attempting to impede Obama’s victory.

 

The history of America’s stolen 2004 election is coming to light, as it must. “The arc of history is long, but it bends toward justice!” Winning big with a transformational leader like Obama means we can go on the offense in addressing the great issues of our time from global warming to election reform. Guided by our values of open, honest government, we can begin the work of reforming America’s flawed election system. There is much to be done to protect the voting rights of every citizen and to ensure that all the votes are fairly counted.

 

Our work is not over.

 

Love, Harriett

McClatchy News story http://www.ledger-enquirer.com/254/story/497984.html

Technorati Tags: election 2008, Karl Rove, mike connell, velvet revolution

Is Fraud-Denier Al Franken A Victim of GOP Computer Fraud in MN Vote Counting?

1. Thursday, November 6, 2008 11:53 PM

Al Franken’s Razor-Thin MN Senate Race Counted on Flawed Optical-Scan Systems [View All] Printer-friendly format Email this thread to a friend Bookmark this thread Previous thread | Next thread Home » Discuss » Latest Breaking News BradBlog (1000+ posts)   Thu Nov-06-08 12:41 AM Original message Al Franken’s Razor-Thin MN Senate Race Counted on Flawed Optical-Scan Systems Advertisements [?] Source: BRAD BLOG Al Franken’s Razor-Thin MN Senate Race Counted on Flawed Optical-Scan Systems PLUS: Details on ‘What in the Hell Happened in Alaska’ and Georgia and Oregon… Hare are a few quick facts on the Al Franken (D) / Norm Coleman (R) U.S. Senate race in Minnesota, which we noted last night (with some updates today) stands at some 700 votes currently between them. More hopefully after I’ve figured out how to sneak in some rest. Here’s are three quick, bullet-point facts — including details on the failed machines used to “count” the race — that Franken may want to know, since his was the only show on Air America which never had me on as a guest, as he simply refused to discuss serious issues concerning Election Integrity, now-ironically enough. (Also see this link for some quick skinny on some very serious concerns about the outstanding Senate races in AK, OR and GA…) FULL STORY: http://www.bradblog.com/?p=6641 Related from Monday… ES&S Op-Scans ‘Yielding Different Results Each Time Same Ballots Run Through Machines’ in MI County FULL STORY: http://www.bradblog.com/?p=6613

Hoisted on his own petard:

Democrat Al Franken, a fraud-enabler who denied

the reality of GOP computer vote fraud on his “Air

America” radio show, had his MN senate race

counted on computer optical-scan systems.

A recount is now underway.

Alaska: Anomalous Vote Counts Point To GOP Computer Theft of Tuesday Elections

Kpete’s Journal Documenting the Atrocities

 

STOLEN ELECTION IN ALASKA?

Posted by kpete in General Discussion: Presidential
Thu Nov 06th 2008, 10:35 AM

 

STOLEN ELECTION IN ALASKA?

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/shannyn-moor…

We’re supposed to believe that overall participation DECREASED by 11%. This historic election both nationally and for Alaska HAD THE LOWEST ALASKA TURNOUT FOR A PRESIDENTIAL RACE EVER!!! That makes sense. REALLY??? Something stinks.

Something stinks. Not just an ordinary low tide smell. Not like something you’d blame on the dog. It smells like an infection. For me to plug my nose, I’d have to overlook some curious facts. In Alaska, more people voted for George W. Bush in 2004 than voted for Sarah Palin on Tuesday despite an identical 61-36 margin of victory. Yes. Only four years ago 54,304 Alaskans got off their sofas and voted for Bush, but decided to sit home and not vote for Palin in 2008. In turn, I have to ignore the 30,520 Alaskans who felt progressive enough in 2004 to vote for John Kerry, but weren’t inspired enough to get out and vote for Barack Obama. I would have to glance past the 1,700% increase in the Democratic caucus in February, the 20,991 newly registered voters, and the three largest political rallies in Alaska’s history. I would also have to forget the people I stood in a long line with to early vote. Try not to remember 12.4% more Alaskans showed up for the August primary vote than did four years ago, before the Palin nomination. It would be helpful not to know every other presidential election since Alaska began keeping records has had a larger turn out than the one this year with our own Governor on the ticket. Don’t think about the Lower 49′s record voter turn out this year either. Try to delete the memory file, though difficult, that 80% of us approved of Sarah Palin just two months ago.

Something stinks. You don’t care? Obama won. Yes. He. Did! Free at last! Wait. Democracy demands all of the votes be counted…if you can find them. In the balance hangs the fate of Alaska’s Senate seat and House seat. We still don’t know if we have elected now convicted felon Ted Stevens, or Anchorage Mayor Mark Begich. We still don’t know if Don Young and his million dollar legal problems will defeat former State Representative Ethan Berkowitz and his dreams of Washington DC. Alaska hasn’t had a Democrat represent us in Washington DC since Mike Gravel lost his senate seat in 1980.

Four years ago, 313,592 out of 474,740 registered voters in Alaska participated in the election-a 66% turnout. Taking into account 49,000 outstanding ballots, on Tuesday 272,633 out of 495,731 registered Alaskans showed up at the polls; a turnout of 54.9%. That’s a decrease of more than 11% in voter turnout even though passions ran high for and against Obama, as well as for and against Sarah Palin! This year, early voters set a new record. As of last Thursday, with 4 days left for early voting, 15,000 Alaskans showed up-shattering the old record set in 2004 by 28%! Consider the most popular governor in history-and now the most polarizing-was on the Republican ticket. Consider the historic nature of this race; the first African American presidential candidate EVER! The second woman to ever make a presidential ticket; and she’s one of our own. Despite that, we’re supposed to believe that overall participation DECREASED by 11%. This historic election both nationally and for Alaska HAD THE LOWEST ALASKA TURNOUT FOR A PRESIDENTIAL RACE EVER!!! That makes sense. REALLY??? Something stinks.

But wait, there’s more…

Pre election polls had both Mark Begich-D and Ethan Berkowitz-D beating incumbents Senator Ted Stevens and Congressman Don Young by at least 6-10 points. Stevens is currently ahead by 3,353 votes with 49,000 ballots left to count. Berkowitz, however, is behind by 16,887 votes; a 51-43 margin. Are we to believe Don Young came from an 8 point average polling deficit to win by 8 points-a whopping 16 point turnaround??? Remember how historic the pundits thought Hillary Clinton’s come from behind New Hampshire Primary victory was? She trailed Barack Obama by 9% in the pre primary polls and ended up winning by 2 points. It was called the most stunning comeback in political history. On Election Night, Don Young topped Hillary Clinton’s startling and unprecedented comeback. Furthermore, there were nearly three thousand Alaskans, (2,783) that voted yet left the hotly contested congressional race blank. In the highly publicized senate race, complete with a nationally covered trial that ended with seven felony convictions for the incumbent, 1,392 Alaskans submitted a ballot and failed to register a vote in the senate race. I’m not sure statistically what that means, but it strikes me as odd that well over a thousand Alaskans would wait in long lines and not cast a vote in either the senate race or the congressional race-especially since there was only one ballot measure. In addition, this particular election had an extra high degree of local interest with Governor Palin on the national stage.

MUCH more at:

Alaska: Anomalous Results Point to GOP Computer Theft of Tuesday Elections